Wie was Wie in orthopaedie

Orthopedie is een vak van eigennamen. Te pas en te onpas worden deze gebruikt. Maar wie waren al deze mensen?
In deze rubriek wordt maandelijks het verhaal verteld van de mens achter deze eigennaam en belangrijke personen binnen de orthopaedie.

Mei 2012

Sir John Charnley
(29 August 1911 – 5 August 1982) was a British orthopaedic surgeon. He pioneered the hip replacement operation, which is now one of the most common operations both in the UK and elsewhere in the world. He also demonstrated the fundamental importance of bony compression in operations to arthrodese (fuse) joints, in particular the knee, ankle and shoulder.

John Charnley also influenced generations of orthopaedic surgeons by his eminent textbook on conservative fracture treatment first published in 1950.

Sir John Charnley is recognised as the founder of modern hip replacement. His staggering contributions to hip replacement were in the design of the replacement itself, the method of surgery to place this replacement into the hip, how to optimize the flow of the operation, how to decrease infections in this operation, and how to teach this operation to others. The last contribution remains his most sustainable as Charnley taught countless international surgeons the scientific basis as well as the technique of hip replacement. These surgeons then spread the globe and taught these successful techniques worldwide. As of 2011, many of these original surgeons are still alive and still teaching hip replacement.

There are many hip surgeons who will tell you that from a fundamental point of view, the advances in hip surgery after John Charnley are a fraction of the advances of John Charnley. This is not a comment of how little we have advanced but rather how far ahead of his time he was.

The hip implant pioneered by Charnley comprised a stainless steel stem and 22mm head fitting into a polymer socket, both parts being fixed into position by PMMA cement. Prior to his development of the design that for many years became the gold standard of joint replacement, Charnley experimented with other materials as a cushioning surface in the hip including Teflon. Teflon was unsuccessful and as a testament to Charnley's will and determination he did not let this early failure deter him from seeking out a successful solution to hip arthritis.

Charnley was born in Bury in Lancashire. After excelling in science subjects at Bury Grammar School, Charnley was encouraged to aim for medicine. He commenced undergraduate studies at the Victoria University of Manchester in 1929, and qualified with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery and Bachelor of Science (Anatomy and Physiology) in 1935.

He was awarded the 1975 Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was delivered on 26 May 1976, and was titled 'The Origins of Post-Operative Sepsis in Elective Surgery'.

Charnley was knighted in 1977.

Bron: Wikipedia

April 2012

Sir Robert Jones

1st Baronet, KBE, CB (28 June 1857, Rhyl – 14 January 1933, Bodynfoel, nr. Llanfechain) was a British orthopaedic surgeon who helped to establish the modern specialty of orthpaedic surgery. He was an early proponent of the use of radiography in orthopaedics, and described the eponymous Jones fracture.

Robert Jones was born in North Wales in 1857, and was brought up in London. His father gave up his career as an architect to take up writing, so his family became quite poor. At the age of 16 he left London to live with his uncle, Hugh Owen Thomas, in Liverpool. He learned about fracture care and the manufacture of braces from his uncle, and attended the Liverpool School of Medicine from 1873 to 1878. He continued to work with his uncle, and was subsequently appointed Honorary Assistant Surgeon to the Stanley Hospital in Liverpool in 1887. At this time, Jones and his uncle were among the few surgeons interested in the treatment of fractures, while the majority of orthopaedic surgery was aimed at correcting deformity in children and was carried out by general surgeons.

In 1888 he was appointed Surgeon-Superintendent for the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, responsible for the injured among the 20,000 workers during the seven year project. He organised the first comprehensive accident service in the world, dividing the 36 mile site into 3 sections, and establishing a hospital and a string of first aid posts in each section. He staffed the hospitals with medical personnel trained in fracture management. The hospitals were linked by a railway which ran the length of the canal, and Sir Robert could be contacted in Liverpool by telegraphy if his presence was required. He personally managed 3,000 cases and performed 300 operations in his own hospital. This position enabled him to learn new techniques and improve the standard of fracture management.

On 3 November 1894, Robert Jones and Alfred Tubby convened a group of surgeons at the Holborn Restaurant in London to Found the British Orthopaedic Society. The society had 31 members, most of whom were still general surgeons with an interest in orthopaedics; this lack of committed orthopaedic surgeons is likely to have been the reason that the society disbanded after 4 years.

At the outbreak of the First World War Jones was mobilised as a territorial surgeon. He observed that treatment of fractures both at the front and in hospitals at home was inadequate, and his efforts led to the introduction of military orthopaedic hospitals. He was appointed Inspector of Military Orthopaedics, with responsibility over 30,000 beds. The hospital in Ducane Road, Hammersmith became the model for both British and American military orthopaedic hospitals. His advocacy of the use of Thomas splint for the initial treatment of femoral fractures resulted in a dramatic reduction in morbidity and mortality from this injury. Jones was promoted several times for his war service, ending his military career as a major general.

Wilhelm Röntgen announced the discovery of X-rays on 28 December 1895. This discovery was published in the Frankfurter Zeitung newspaper which was translated for Robert Jones by Mrs. Wimpfheimer, a volunteer in his Sunday clinic in Liverpool.

On 7 February 1896, Jones and Oliver Lodge took a radiograph of the wrist of a 12 year old boy to locate a bullet that could not be found by probing. The X-ray required a 2 hour exposure, but successfully demonstrated the bullet lodged in the third carpometacarpal joint. This case was published in The Lancet in February 1896, the first published clinical radiograph.

Jones continued to value the use of X-rays in his practice. In a paper published a few months before he died, he remarked:

Radiography here, as in all branches of medicine, is an essential aid to diagnosis. No matter how experienced we may be, we cannot afford to dispense with it, even in the apparently simple and obvious case. Not only should we insist upon procuring a film, but it is equally important that we should welcome the radiologist's reading of it. Some surgeons resent this and say, "Give me the film so that I can read it for myself," but this is an arrogant and stupid attitude, and not to the patient's advantage.

Robert Jones described the fracture of the fifth metatarsal which bears his name in the Annals of Surgery in 1902. In his paper, Jones describes the fracture in a series of 6 patients, the first of which was himself. He had injured his foot while dancing several months earlier, and had thought the injury to be to a tendon in the foot. He examined himself the day after the injury, and found that the tendon was intact, but he could not find definite evidence of bony injury. He asked a colleague, Dr. David Morgan, to X-ray his foot, and a fracture above the base of the fifth metatarsal was found. The finding of similar fractures in several patients after his own prompted him to write about it. He also noted that the fracture was not caused by direct trauma to the bone, as had always been written before, but by a cross-strain being applied to the bone.

Jones was the recipient of many honours from surgical institutions and societies at home and abroad and received honorary degrees from six universities, of which the D.Sc. from the University of Wales (1917) was one. The universal tribute to him as an orthopaedic surgeon was revealed by his election as first president of the International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery. He was made KBE, CB, and a baronet. After his death, his ashes were laid to rest in Liverpool Cathedral.

 bron: Wikipedia

Maart 2012

Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov
(Russian: Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992) was a Soviet physician, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for his eponymous surgery. He was a Hero of Socialist Labor (1981), a laureate of the Lenin Prize (1979), and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991).

Ilizarov was born in the town of Belovezh, Polesie Voivodeship, Poland (now Belovezha in Brest Voblast, Belarus) to a Jewish family from the Dagestan region of the Russian Empire. Soon after his birth, the family moved to Qusar (Azerbaijan), where he grew up. He graduated from Derbent Medical Rabfac (an educational establishment set up to prepare workers and peasants for higher education) then from Crimea Medical School. In 1944 he was sent to a rural hospital in Kurgan Oblast in Siberia. In 1955 he became the head of Surgery Department of a hospital and a surgeon with the air ambulance.

His residency was carried out in orthopedic surgery, during which he developed an "external fixator system". In 1961 he created the Kurgan Center of the Restorational Surgery and Orthopedy. He was the head of this center until 1991. It was said that the Center became the largest orthopedic center in the world.

Ilizarov discovered that by carefully severing a bone without severing the periosteum around it, one could separate two halves of a bone slightly and fix them in place, and the bone would grow to fill the gap. He also discovered that bone regrows at a fairly uniform rate across people and circumstances.

These experiments led to the design of what is known as an Ilizarov apparatus, which holds a bone so severed in place, by virtue of a framework and pins through the bone, and separates halves of the bone by a tiny amount; by repeating this over time, at the rate of the bone's regrowth, it is possible to extend a bone by a desired amount.

In 1980 during the Cold War era, an Italian photojournalist Carlo Mauri, on the urgings of a Russian colleague, travelled to Kurgan 2000 km east of Moscow, in the then communist Soviet Union. He was to be treated by Ilizarov for a tibial fracture that that healed incorrectly after a skiing accident 20 years previously. Italian doctors had long given up hope of any surgical improvement to the leg. Ilizarov distracted the stiff non-union in his tibia by 2 cm, healing the pseudarthrosis, corrected an equinus deformity by distraction and lengthened his leg. On his return to Italy, the healing of Mauri's leg amazed orthopaedic surgeons. Subsequent to this, Ilizarov was invited to be a guest speaker at the AO Italy conference in 1981.

Ilizarov made a trip to the United States in the early 1990s to discuss his work, which was still largely unknown there. He died of heart failure in 1992, at the age of 71.

Bron: Wikipedia

Februari 2012

Sir Percivall Pott (6 January 1714 – 22 December 1788. London, England)
was an English surgeon, one of the founders of orthopedy, and the first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen.

He served his apprenticeship with Edward Nourse, assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1736 was admitted to the Barbers' Company and licensed to practise. He became assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's in 1744 and full surgeon from 1749 till 1787.
As the first surgeon of his day in England, excelling even his pupil, John Hunter, on the practical side, Pott introduced various important innovations in procedure, doing much to abolish the extensive use of escharotics and the cautery that was prevalent when he began his career. He also thought that soot was a carcinogen.
In 1756, Pott sustained a broken leg after a fall from his horse. It is often assumed that his injury was the same one that later came to be known as Pott's fracture, but in reality Pott's broken leg was a much more serious compound fracture of the femur. As he lay in the mud and muck, he sent a servant to buy a door from a nearby construction site, then had himself placed on the door and taken home. Surgeons cleaned the wound and discussed amputation, an operation which at the time had a very high rate of failure (as it often led to sepsis and death), but Pott prevailed on them to splint the leg and he ultimately recovered completely. In 1768, Pott published Some Few Remarks upon Fractures and Dislocations. The book was translated into French and Italian and had a far-reaching influence in Britain and France. His name was written in the annals of medicine, by first describing arthritic tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease). He gave an excellent clinical description in his Remarks on that Kind of Palsy of the Lower Limbs. Among his other writings the most noteworthy are A Treatise on Ruptures (1756), and Chirurgical Observations.
In 1775, Pott found an association between exposure to soot and a high incidence of scrotal cancer (later found to be squamous cell carcinoma) in chimney sweeps. This was the first occupational link to cancer, and Pott was the first person to demonstrate that a malignancy could be caused by an environmental carcinogen. Pott's early investigations contributed to the science of epidemiology and the Chimney Sweeper's Act of 1788.
In 1765 he was elected Master of the Company of Surgeons, the forerunner of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Bron: Wikipedia

Januari 2012

François Chopart (October 20, 1743 – June 9, 1795)
was a French surgeon born in Paris. He was trained in medicine at the Hôtel-Dieu, Pitié and the Bicêtre hospitals. In 1771 he became a professor of practical surgery at the École pratique in Paris, and in 1782 succeeded Toussaint Bordenave (1728–1782) as chair of physiology.

Chopart was a pioneer of urological surgery, and with Pierre-Joseph Desault (1744–1795) was author of the surgical treatise Traité des maladies chirurgicales et des opérations qui leur conviennent. There are three eponyms associated with the foot that are named after him:

Bron: Wikipedia

December 2011

Gathorne Robert Girdlestone (1881–1950)

was born at Christ Church in Oxford on 8 October 1881. GRG went to Charterhouse School in 1896, read Medicine at New College, Oxford, and started his clinical training at St Thomas’s Hospital in London in 1905. The 1911 census shows him living with Ina and three servants at Mount Road, Oswestry, where he first started practising surgery, and it was in nearby Baschurch that he first developed an interest in orthopaedics under Robert Jones, becoming a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons on 1 December 1911.

It was the First World that brought GRG back to Oxford, when he was appointed Captain of the 3rd Southern General Hospital, which was housed in the Examination Schools. Miss Katherine Feilden provided her home in Headington for the officer casualties, but more beds were needed for orthopaedic injuries, and in 1916 the committee of the Wingfield Convalescent Home offered its grounds. Miss Feilden paid for wooden huts containing forty beds to be erected there, and these became known as the Oxford Orthopaedic Centre. In 1917, the Wingfield Convalescent Home itself was taken over, and by 1919 there were 200 beds. After the war the hospital came under the supervision of the Ministry of Pensions, and Girdlestone remained in charge of it. By 1922, there were fewer war pensioners and crippled children were being admitted, and in that year it became the Wingfield Orthopaedic Hospital.

In 1926 Sir Robert was working with Robert Lovett, from the United States on the second edition of their book "Orthopaedic Surgery", published by William Wood & Co, of New York in 1923. He wrote to Girdlestone asking him for an account of his operation for tuberculosis of the hip. Girdlestone’s reply came into the hands of Sir Harry Platt, who assisted in the preparation of the book, and he eventually sent the letter, together with the accompanying illustrations, they are an interesting reminder of the immense contributions made by these founders of orthopaedic surgery in Great Britain.

In 1937 GRG was appointed Nuffield Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery (thus becoming the first professor of orthopaedics in Britain). He retired from the chair in 1939 and moved to Frilford Heath in 1948, but continued to be interested in the hospital, helping to launch the scheme for the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre in 1949.
GRG died in 1950 at the age of 69.

(bron jbjs.org.uk)

November 2011

Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin

(April 2, 1790 – May 13, 1847)

He began his surgical education i Lyon under Viricel (no information available), then went to Paris where he became an assistant to Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835), and obtained his medical degree in 1813. Following his promotion he was a short time active as an army surgeon - Médecin-adjoint, but in 1814 left the army, and from then on chiefly concerned himself with the improvement of surgical methods.

In 1826 two years after he had been habilitated he got his own department at L'Hôpital de la Pitié in Paris', and soon commenced teaching clinical medicine.

He was a pioneering French surgeon and gynecologist. Lisfranc devised many new operations including removal of the rectum, lithotomy in women, and amputation of the cervix uteri. He concerned himself with operational treatments of fractures, surprisingly trying to use the stethoscope for diagnostical purposes. In 1815, with Champesme (no information available), he described a method for the exarticulation at the shoulder joint.

Despite his recognition as a teacher and surgeon he was not a popular person, his bellicose manners making any close friendships between him and his colleagues impossible.

The Lisfranc joint and the Lisfranc fracture are named after him.

Jacques Lisfranc is buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

Bron: wikipedia

Oktober 2011

Antonius Mathijsen

(Budel, 4 november 1805 - Hamont, 15 juni 1878) was een Nederlands militair geneeskundige die internationaal vermaard werd om de uitvinding van het gipsverband.

Antonius Mathijsen was de zoon van een chirurgijn. Hij doorliep de Latijnse school in Weert en studeerde daarna voor arts aan de Militair-Geneeskundige School in Utrecht. Vanaf 1828 deed Mathijsen dienst als Officier van Gezondheid bij het Nederlandse leger. In 1831 nam hij deel aan de Tiendaagse Veldtocht. In 1837 promoveerde hij in Gießen (Duitsland) in de genees-, heel- en vroedkunde. Als militair arts deed hij dienst in o.a. Utrecht, Zutphen, Venlo, Haarlem, 's-Hertogenbosch, Vlissingen en Breda.

Hij stierf in 1878 op 72-jarige leeftijd in de Belgische plaats Hamont.

In het militair hospitaal van Haarlem bedacht Mathijsen in 1851 dat een verband doordrenkt met gipspoeder en water binnen enkele minuten uithardt en zo een goede stabilisatie van de botbreuk bewerkstelligt. Hij publiceerde zijn vinding een jaar later: Nieuwe wijze van aanwending van het gips-verband bij beenbreuken. Eene bijdrage tot de militaire chirurgie.

Tijdens zijn leven ontving Mathijsen vele internationale eerbewijzen voor zijn uitvinding. In eigen land werd hij onder andere benoemd tot ridder in de Orde van de Eikenkroon en ontving hij na pensionering per Koninklijk Besluit een hoge rang en een speciaal pensioen.

In zowel Budel als Hamont zijn de sporen van Mathijsen nog zichtbaar. Hij kreeg een grafmonument naast de kerk in Hamont. Budel kent sinds 1946 het dr. Antonius Mathijsen monument. Het Militair Hospitaal in Utrecht droeg lange tijd zijn naam: tussen 1964 en 1991 heette dat Militair Hospitaal Dr. A. Mathijsen (ook wel bekend als MHAM).

Bron Wikipedia

September 2011

Abraham Colles. (1773-1843)

President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1802 at the age of only 28 years. In 1811 he wrote an important treatise on surgical anatomy and some terms he introduced have survived in surgical nomenclature until today. He is remembered as a skillful surgeon and for his 1814 paper On the Fracture of the Carpal Extremity of the Radius ; this injury continues to be known as Colles' fracture. This paper, describing distal radial fractures, was far ahead of its time, being published decades before x-rays came into use.

He also described the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue of the perineum, which came to be known as Colles' fascia. He also extensively studied the inguinal ligament, which is sometimes called Colles' ligament. In 1837 he wrote "Practical observations on the venereal disease, and on the use of mercury" in which he introduced the hypothesis of maternal immunity of a syphilitic infant when the mother had not shown signs of the disease. Colles' principal textbook was the two-volume Lectures on the theory and practice of surgery. He is regarded as the first surgeon to successfully ligate the subclavian artery.

In tribute to his distinguished career, Professor Colles was awarded a baronetcy in 1839, which he refused.

He retired in 1841 and died two years later from gout. He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin. His son followed in his footsteps, being elected to the Chair of Anatomy in the Royal College in 1863

Bron Wikipedia